Interferon 1000ME 4doses #10

Interferon instruction for use

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Composition

The composition of interferon preparations depends on their form of release.

Form release

Interferon preparations have the following forms of release:
lyophilized powder for preparation of eye and nasal drops, injection solution;
injection solution;
eye drops;
eye films;
nasal drops and spray;
ointment;
dermatological gel;
liposomes;
aerosol;
oral solution;
rectal suppositories;
vaginal suppository;
implants;
microclysters;
pills (tablets interferon is produced under the brand name Interferon).

Pharmacological action

The interferon drugs belong to the group of medicines antiviral and immunomodulatory actions.
All IFNS have antiviral and antitumor effects. No less important is their property to stimulate the action of macrophages-cells that play an important role in the initiation of cellular immunity.
IFN enhance resistance of the organism to penetration of viruses and also block the reproduction of viruses in their entry into cells. The latter is due to the ability of IFN to suppress the transmission of the matrix (information) RNA virus.
While the antiviral effect of IFN is not directed against specific viruses, that is IFN do not have virousspecificakih. This explains their versatility and wide range of antiviral activity.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

The main biological effect of α-IFN is inhibition of viral protein synthesis. The antiviral state of the cell develops within a few hours after administration of the drug or induction of IFN production in the body.
In this case, IFN has no effect on the early stages of the replication cycle, that is, at the stage of adsorption, penetration of the virus into the cell (penetration) and the release of the internal component of the virus in the process of its “undressing”.
The anti-virus effect of α-IFN is manifested even in case of infection of cells with infectious RNA. IFN does not penetrate the cell, but only interacts with specific receptors on cell membranes (gangliosides or similar structures that contain oligosaccharides).
The mechanism of IFN alpha activity resembles the action of individual glycopeptide hormones. It stimulates the activity of genes, some of which are involved in coding the formation of products with a direct antiviral effect.
β interferons also have an antiviral effect, which is associated with several mechanisms of action. Beta interferon activates N0-synthetase, which in turn increases the concentration of nitric oxide inside the cell. The latter plays a key role in suppressing the reproduction of viruses.
β-IFN activates secondary effector functions of atural killers, b-type lymphocytes, blood monocytes, tissue macrophages (mononuclear phagocytes) and neutrophilic leukocytes, which are characterized by antibody-dependent and antibody-independent cytotoxicity.
In addition, β-IFN blocks the release of the internal component of the virus and disrupts the processes of methylation of RNA virus.
γ-IFN is involved in regulating the immune response and regulates the severity of inflammatory reactions. Despite the fact that it has an independent anti-virus and antitumor effect, gamma interferon is very weak. At the same time, it significantly increases the activity of α - and β-IFN.
After parenteral administration, the maximum concentration of IFN in the blood plasma observed after 3-12 h. the Rate of bioavailability is 100% (and after the introduction under the skin and after insertion into the muscle).
The half-life of T½ is between 2 and 7 hours. Trace concentrations of IFN in blood plasma are not detected after 16-24 hours.

Indications for use

IFN is intended for the treatment of viral diseases affecting the respiratory tract.
In addition, interferon preparations are prescribed to patients with chronic forms of hepatitis b, C and Delta.
For the treatment of viral diseases and, in particular, hepatitis C, mainly IFN-α is used (both of its forms — IFN-alpha 2b and IFN-alpha 2A). Pegylated interferons alpha-2b and alpha-2A are considered to be the” gold standard " for hepatitis C treatment. In comparison with them, conventional interferons are less effective.
Hepatitis C genotype 1 should be treated with pegylated IFN alpha-2A or pegylated IFN alpha-2b (marketed pegasis or PegIntron) in combination with ribavirin.
Genetic polymorphism observed in IL28B gene, which is responsible for encoding IFN lambda-3, causes significant differences in the treatment effect.
Patients with the genotype 1 hepatitis C with the usual alleles of the gene have a better chance to achieve longer and more pronounced results of treatment in comparison with other patients.
IFN is also often prescribed for patients with cancer: malignant melanoma, pancreatic endocrine tumors, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, carcinoid tumors; Kaposi's sarcoma caused by AIDS; hair cell leukemia, multiple myeloma, kidney cancer, etc..
It is considered appropriate to use it in thrombocytosis, eye lesions caused by herpes infection and adenoviruses, shingles (γ-IFN), multiple sclerosis (IFN β-1a), as well as for the prevention of influenza and ARVI.

Contraindications

Interferon is not administered to patients with hypersensitivity to it, as well as children and adolescents suffering from severe mental and nervous system disorders, which are accompanied by thoughts of suicide and suicide attempts, severe and prolonged depression.
In combination with the antiviral drug Ribavirin, IFN is contraindicated in patients diagnosed with serious kidney disorders (conditions in which the QC is less than 50 ml/min).
Interferon preparations are contraindicated in epilepsy (in cases where the appropriate therapy does not give the expected clinical effect).

Side effect

Interferon belongs to the category of drugs that can cause a large number of adverse reactions from various systems and organs. In most cases, they are the result of the introduction of interferon/in, p/C or/m, but they can provoke other pharmaceutical forms of the drug.
The most common side effects of taking IFN are:
anorexia;
nausea;
chill;
trembling of the body.
Some rarely observed vomiting, increased sleepiness, feeling of dryness in the mouth, hair loss (alopecia), fatigue; non-specific symptoms that resemble flu symptoms; back pain, depression, musculoskeletal pain, suicidal thoughts and suicide attempt, malaise, taste disturbance and concentration, irritability, sleep disturbance (frequently insomnia), hypotension, confusion.
Rare side effects include: pain on the right in the upper abdomen, rashes on the body (erythematous and macular), increased nervousness, morbidity and severe inflammation at the injection site, secondary viral infection (including infection with herpes simplex virus), increased dry skin, itching, sharp eyes, conjunctivitis, blurred vision, impaired function of the lacrimal glands, anxiety, lability of mood, including psychotic disorders; hallucinations, increased aggression, etc.; hyperthermia, dyspepsia symptoms, respiratory disorders, weight loss, tachycardia, unformed stool, myositis, Hyper-or hypothyroidism, hearing impairment (up to its complete loss), the formation of infiltrates in the lungs, increasing appetite, bleeding gums, convulsions in the limbs, dyspnea, impaired renal function and the development of renal failure, peripheral ischemia, hyperuricemia, neuropathy, etc..
Treatment with IFN drugs can provoke a violation of reproductive function. Studies on primates have shown that interferon disrupts the menstrual cycle in women. In addition, the level of estrogen and progesterone in serum decreased in women undergoing treatment with IFN-α.
For this reason, if interferon is prescribed to women of childbearing age, barrier contraceptives should be used. Men of reproductive age are also encouraged to report potential side effects.
In rare cases, treatment with interferon may be accompanied by ophthalmological disorders, which are expressed in the form of hemorrhages in the retina, retinopathy (including edema of the macula), focal changes in the retina, reducing visual acuity and/or field of vision, edema of the optic nerve, neuritis of the eye (the second cranial nerve), obstruction of the arteries or veins of the retina.
Sometimes, while taking interferon may develop hyperglycemia, symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, diabetes, renal failure. In patients with diabetes mellitus, the clinical picture of the disease may worsen.
There is a possibility of colitis, pancreatitis, cerebrovascular hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, multiform erythema, tissue necrosis at the injection site, cardiac and cerebrovascular ischemia, hypertriglyceridemia, sarcoidosis (or exacerbation of its course), Lyell and Stevens-Johnson syndromes.
The use of interferon in monotherapy or in combination with Ribavirin in isolated cases can provoke aplastic anemia (AA) or even PACCM (full aplasia of the red bone marrow).
There were also cases when on the background of treatment with interferon, the patient developed a variety of autoimmune and immune-mediated disorders (including idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura disease and illness Moskovitsa).

Interferon, instructions for use

Instructions for the use of interferon alpha, beta and gamma indicates that before prescribing the drug to the patient, it is recommended to determine how sensitive to it microflora, which became the cause of the disease.
The method of administration of the leucocyte human interferon is determined depending on the diagnosis made to the patient. In most cases, it is prescribed in the form of subcutaneous injections, but in some cases the drug is allowed to enter the muscle or vein.
The dose for treatment that supports the dose and duration of treatment is determined depending on the clinical situation and the patient's response to the prescribed therapy.
” Child " interferon - a candle, drops and ointment.
Instructions for the use of interferon for children recommends the use of this drug as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent. The dose for infants and older children is chosen by the attending physician.
For preventive purposes, INF is used as a solution for the preparation of which use distilled or boiled water at room temperature. The finished solution is painted red and opalescent. Keep it should be in the cold no more than 24-48 hours. The drug is buried in the nose of children and adults.
In viral ophthalmic diseases, the drug is prescribed in the form of eye drops.
The recommended dose for instilling in the conjunctival cavity of the eye affected by the infection is 2 drops (drip them every two hours). The multiplicity of instillations-at least 6 per day.
As soon as the severity of symptoms decreases, the volume of instillation should be reduced to one drop. The course of treatment — from 7 to 10 days.
For the treatment of lesions caused by herpes viruses, the ointment is applied in a thin layer to the affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes twice a day, maintaining 12-hour intervals. The course of treatment — from 3 to 5 days (until completely restore the integrity of the damaged skin and mucous membranes).
For prevention of ARI and flu it is necessary to grease ointment nasal passages. Multiplicity of procedures during the 1st and 3rd week of the course-2 times a day. In the period of 2 weeks is recommended to take a break. Interferon should be used for preventive purposes throughout the period of respiratory disease epidemic.
Interferon candles are administered rectally. Recommended dose instructions - 1 suppository 1 or 2 times a day. The course of treatment — from 5 to 10 days.
The duration of the rehabilitation course in children who often have recurrent viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, ENT organs, recurrent infection caused by the herpes simplex virus is two months.
Interferon tablets are recommended to be taken at a dose equal to 2050 IU per kilogram of patient weight (but not more than 1000000 IU).

How to breed and how to use interferon in ampoules?

Instructions for the use of interferon in ampoules indicates that before use the ampoule must be opened, pour into it the water (distilled or boiled) at room temperature to a mark on the ampoule corresponding to the 2nd ml.
The contents gently shaken until complete dissolution. The solution is introduced into each nasal passage twice a day for five drops, keeping between injections intervals of at least six hours.
For therapeutic purposes, IFN start taking when the first symptoms of influenza appear. The effectiveness of the drug is higher, the earlier the patient starts taking it.
The most effective is the inhalation method (through the nose or mouth). For one inhalation, it is recommended to take the contents of three vials of the drug, dissolved in 10 ml of water.
The water is preheated to a temperature of not more than +37 °C. inhalation Procedures are carried out twice a day, keeping between them an interval of at least one or two hours.
When spraying or instilling the contents of the ampoule is dissolved in two milliliters of water and injected 0.25 ml (or five drops) in each nasal passage from three to six times a day. The duration of treatment is 2-3 days.
Nose drops for children for prophylactic purposes are buried (5 drops) twice a day, at the initial stage of the disease, the frequency of instillations increases: the drug should be administered at least five to six times a day every hour or two.
Many wonder whether it is possible to drip in eyes of the interferon solution. The answer to this question is Yes.

Overdose

Overdoses of interferon has not been described.

Interaction

β-IFN is compatible with corticosteroids and ACTH. It should not be taken during treatment with myelosuppressive drugs, including cytostatics (this may provoke an additive effect).
With caution β-IFN appointed with means, clearance which largely depends on the cytochrome P450 (antiepileptic drugs, some antidepressants, etc.).
Do not take α-IFN and Telbivudine at the same time. The simultaneous use of IFN-α provokes a mutual enhancement of action against HIV. When combined with phosphazide may increase the myelotoxicity of both drugs (it is recommended to carefully monitor changes in the number of granulocytes and hemoglobin level).

Terms of sale

To buy Interferon the prescription is not required.

Storage conditions

Interferon stored in a cool, sheltered from sunlight at a temperature of + 2 to + 8°C. List B.
Shelf life - 24 months. The finished interferon solution at room temperature maintains stability for 3 days.

Special instruction

Interferon what is it?

Interferons are a class of glycoproteins with similar properties, which are produced by vertebrate cells in response to various inducers of both viral and non-viral nature.
According to Wikipedia, for a biologically active substance to be qualified as an interferon, it must have a protein nature, have a pronounced antiviral activity against various viruses, at least in homologous (similar) cells, “mediated by cellular metabolic processes, including the synthesis of RNA and protein.”
The IFN classification proposed by who and the interferon Committee is based on differences in their antigenic, physical, chemical and biological properties. In addition, it takes into account their species and cellular origin.
In antigenicity (antigenic specificity) IFN can be divided into acid-fast and acid -. Acid-resistant include alpha and beta interferons (also called IFN type I). Acid-proof is interferon gamma (γ-IFN).
IFN-α produced by peripheral blood leukocytes (white blood cells b - and T-type), so he had previously designated as leucocitary interferon. There are currently at least 14 varieties.
β-IFN produce fibroblasts, so it is also called fibroblast.
The former designation γ — IFN-immune interferon, produce the same stimulated lymphocytes T-type, NK-cells (normal (natural) killers; from the English “natural killer”) and (presumably) macrophages.
The main properties and mechanism of action of IFN
All, without exception, are characterized by polyfunctional IFN activity against target cells. Their most common feature is the ability to induce an antiviral state in them.
Interferon is used as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for various viral infections. The peculiarity of interferon drugs is that their action is weakened with repeated injections.
The mechanism of action of IFN is associated with its ability to inhibit viral infection. As a result of treatment with interferon drugs in the patient's body around the focus of infection forms a kind of barrier of virus-resistant uninfected cells, which prevents the further spread of infection.
Interacting with still intact (intact) cells, it prevents the implementation of the reproductive cycle of viruses by activating certain cellular enzymes (proteinkinaz).
The most important functions of interferons consider the ability to suppress haematopoiesis; to modulate the immune response and inflammation reaction; to regulate the processes of proliferation and differentiation of cells; to inhibit the growth and prevent the reproduction of viral cells; to stimulate the expression of surface antigens; to suppress certain functions of white blood cells b - and T-type, stimulate the activity of NK-cells, etc..

The use of IFN in biotechnology

The development of methods for synthesis and high-efficiency purification of leukocyte and recombinant interferon in quantities sufficient for the production of drugs, made it possible to open the possibility of using drugs IFN for the treatment of patients diagnosed with viral hepatitis.
A distinctive feature of recombinant IFN is that they are obtained outside the human body.
For example, recombinant interferon beta-1A (IFN β-1A) is obtained from mammalian cells (in particular, from the cells of Chinese hamster ovary), and similar in its properties interferon beta-1b (IFN β-1b) is produced belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae E. coli (Escherichia coli).

Interferon inducers what is it?

IFN inducers are drugs that do not contain interferon, but at the same time stimulate its production.
Inductors of interferon are Aktiviran, Kagocel, Neovir, Ridostin, Tilorona, Cycloferon, etc..

Interferon for children

According to the instructions, the children drugs interferon shown:
in infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system;
when meningitis;
in sepsis;
to treat childhood viral infections (such as mumps or chicken pox);
for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis.
IFN is also used in therapy, the purpose of which is the rehabilitation of children with frequent respiratory infections.
The best reception for kids - nose drops: interferon when such use does not penetrate in the digestive tract (before to dilute the drug for the nose, the water should be heated up to a temperature of 37°C).
For infants, the instruction recommends the appointment of interferon for various infectious diseases, including diseases of the respiratory system and intrauterine infections.
For infants interferon appointed in the form of suppositories (150 thousand IU). Candles for children should be administered one at a time, 2 times a day, maintaining between administration 12-hourly intervals. The course of treatment is 5 days. To fully cure the child SARS, as a rule, only one course is enough.
As a preventive measure recommended ointment. It is necessary to lubricate the child's nose twice a day every 12 hours.
For the treatment should take 0.5 g of the ointment two times a day. Treatment lasts an average of 2 weeks. Over the next 2-4 weeks, the ointment is applied 3 times a week.
Numerous positive reviews of the drug indicate that in this dosage form, it has also proven to be an effective tool for the treatment of stomatitis and inflamed tonsils. No less effective are inhalations with interferon for children.
The effect of the drug at times increases if used for its introduction nebulizer (it is necessary to use a device that sprays particles with a diameter of more than 5 microns). Inhalations through the nebulizer have their own specifics.
First, interferon must be inhaled through the nose. Secondly, before using the device, it is necessary to switch off the heating function (IFN is a protein, at a temperature of more than 37°C it is destroyed).
For inhalations in the nebulizer, the content of one ampoule is diluted in 2-3 ml of distilled or mineral water (saline can also be used for this purpose). The resulting volume is enough for one procedure. Multiplicity of procedures during the day - from 2 to 4.
It is important to remember that long-term treatment of children with interferon is not recommended, because it develops addiction and, therefore, does not develop the expected effect.

Interferon during pregnancy

Interferon is not recommended for use during pregnancy and period of breastfeeding.
The exception may be cases where the expected benefit of therapy for the expectant mother will exceed the risk of adverse reactions and harmful effects on the development of the fetus.
It is possible to separate components of recombinant IFN with breast milk. Due to the fact that it is possible to influence the fetus through milk, IFN is not prescribed to lactating women.
In extreme cases, when it is impossible to avoid the appointment of IFN, during therapy, a woman is recommended to abandon breastfeeding. To mitigate the side effects of the drug (the occurrence of symptoms similar to those of influenza), simultaneous administration with IFN paracetamol is recommended.

Reviews of Interferon

Most reviews of interferon alpha, beta and gamma-positive. The tool recommends more than 95% of patients who used these drugs for treatment.
Reviews of interferon for children allow us to conclude that the drug not only helps to cure the already ill child, but also significantly increases its immunity, which further allows the child's body to resist infections.